{"id":4844,"date":"2020-12-09T23:33:52","date_gmt":"2020-12-09T20:33:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/?p=4844"},"modified":"2024-02-19T21:52:42","modified_gmt":"2024-02-19T18:52:42","slug":"ce-sunt-contracte-inteligente-pentru-ce","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/ro\/2020\/12\/09\/ce-sunt-contracte-inteligente-pentru-ce\/","title":{"rendered":"Ce naiba sunt contractele inteligente? Un ghid u\u0219or"},"content":{"rendered":"

Probabil \u0219ti\u021bi deja ce este un contract (tradi\u021bional), nu? S\u0103 ne amintim, oricum. Potrivit dic\u021bionarului Merriam-Webster, un contract este \u201eun acord obligatoriu \u00eentre dou\u0103 sau mai multe persoane sau p\u0103r\u021bi, \u00een special una executorie legal\u0103\u201d. Ei bine, care este primul lucru care \u00ee\u021bi vine \u00een minte atunci c\u00e2nd spunem \u201econtracte inteligente\u201d?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este documentul pe o tablet\u0103, poate? Acum este un robot? Un AI, \u00een spatele unui computer? Este doar ... conectat la Internet? Nu chiar. Dac\u0103 verifica\u021bi alte surse (cum ar fi Wikipedia de \u00eencredere), acestea vor spune ceva de genul un contract inteligent este un \u201eprotocol digital\u201d sau \u201eprogram de computer\u201d care execut\u0103 condi\u021biile predeterminate \u00een mod automat<\/strong> c\u00e2nd acestea se \u00eemplinesc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Imagine de Gerd Altmann de la Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Frumos, eh ...? \u0218i ce naiba \u00eenseamn\u0103 asta? Ei bine, o putem explica \u00een acest fel: un contract inteligent nu este ceva ce po\u021bi atinge sau chiar s\u0103 vezi corect. \u00cen cea mai mare parte, ve\u021bi vedea doar rezultatele, la fel ca la firele din interiorul televizorului. Diferen\u021ba este c\u0103 de data aceasta aceste rezultate sunt complet digitale, deoarece este un acord digital bazat pe un blockchain<\/a>, scris cu cod de calcul pentru a aplica condi\u021biile anterioare convenite de p\u0103r\u021bi. V\u0103 pute\u021bi g\u00e2ndi ca la un contract sau garan\u021bie automat\u0103, care nu are nevoie de h\u00e2rtie, avocat, notar sau intermediari \u00een general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deci ... cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 contractele inteligente pentru tipul t\u0103u obi\u0219nuit?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

R\u0103spunsul scurt este cu aplica\u021bii sau instrumente digitale. Dac\u0103 nu \u0219ti\u021bi cum s\u0103 scrie\u021bi cod (cum ar fi dezvoltatorii sau inginerii \u00een computere), nu ve\u021bi fi \u00eens\u0103rcinat cu crearea acestora, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu v\u0103 face\u021bi griji. L\u0103sa\u021bi aceast\u0103 sarcin\u0103 pe seama exper\u021bilor. Pentru a le utiliza, va trebui doar s\u0103 alege\u021bi o aplica\u021bie bazat\u0103 pe contract inteligent (de obicei aplica\u021bii descentralizate) sau o platform\u0103<\/strong> \u0219i merge\u021bi cu el pe dispozitivul dvs. (mobil sau desktop).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Totu\u0219i, putem vorbi pu\u021bin despre func\u021bionarea intern\u0103 a unui contract inteligent. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, s\u0103 verific\u0103m o imagine pentru a v\u0103 ar\u0103ta cum arat\u0103 \u00een interior. Spoiler: este cam plictisitor. Este doar o gr\u0103mad\u0103 de cod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Exemplu de contract inteligent. Sursa: Ethereum.org<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

De asemenea, le putem verifica datele pe un explorator blockchain<\/a> (o pagin\u0103 web accesibil\u0103), dac\u0103 este public\u0103, desigur. B\u0103ncile \u00ee\u0219i dezvolt\u0103 propriile aplica\u021bii cu contracte inteligente, deci acestea nu sunt publice. Dar putem verifica, de exemplu, un contract mediu pe Ethereum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Exemplu de date publice \u00eentr-un contract inteligent. Sursa: Etherscan<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Descoperim aici un lucru important despre contractele inteligente. \u00cen afar\u0103 de cod, sunt f\u0103cute din tranzac\u021bii \u0219i un sold monetar. <\/strong>Cu toate acestea, aceasta nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 singura utilizare pentru ei trebuie s\u0103 fie financiar\u0103: tranzac\u021biile pot reprezenta doar informa\u021bii. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te soldul, adev\u0103rul este c\u0103 contractele inteligente descentralizate necesit\u0103 anumite taxe pentru a func\u021biona (de obicei sub form\u0103 de criptomonede), destinate mineri sau validatori<\/a> a blockchain-ului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Procesul este ca ...<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen interiorul Ethereum, de exemplu, un contract este doar un alt fel de adres\u0103<\/a> (portofel \/ cont), cu sold \u0219i tranzac\u021bii. Dar este un fel de adres\u0103 colectiv\u0103, conceput\u0103 pentru a func\u021biona ca o punte \u00eentre dou\u0103 sau mai multe p\u0103r\u021bi, cu condi\u021bii prestabilite. Prin urmare, aceast\u0103 adres\u0103 nu este controlat\u0103 doar de un singur utilizator, ci de propriile condi\u021bii convenite anterior, aplicate de \u00eentreaga re\u021bea Ethereum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Declan\u0219atorul pentru ca aceast\u0103 adres\u0103 s\u0103 fac\u0103 ceva (cum ar fi tranzac\u021bionarea automat\u0103 a banilor) este un eveniment a\u0219teptat de p\u0103r\u021bi<\/strong>. Ar putea fi o v\u00e2nzare, o dat\u0103 de plat\u0103, o \u00eenregistrare a ceva, un produs nou online, o schimbare de pre\u021b<\/a>, un sondaj sau chiar rezultatele sportive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Imagine de kinkate de la Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Contractul se refer\u0103 la informa\u021biile furnizate despre acesta de c\u0103tre p\u0103r\u021bile implicate sau de c\u0103tre un \u201eoracol\u201d (un software care consult\u0103 surse externe) \u0219i ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103, respect\u00e2nd condi\u021biile prestabilite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru a rezuma, acesta este procesul:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. P\u0103r\u021bile negociaz\u0103 condi\u021biile contractului (sau compania \/ dezvoltatorul le face publice pentru to\u021bi cei care doresc s\u0103 se al\u0103ture).
2. Dezvoltatorul construie\u0219te protocolul \u00eentr-un blockchain selectat (Ethereum<\/a>, EOS, Tron, Cardano, RSK etc.), utiliz\u00e2nd termenii conveni\u021bi.
3. Contractul \u0219i termenii acestuia sunt reprezenta\u021bi \u00eentr-o adres\u0103 a unui astfel de blockchain.
4. Evenimentul se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103.
5. Contractul face tranzac\u021biile \u00een func\u021bie de rezultatul respectivului eveniment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Alice \u0219i Bob au folosit contracte inteligente<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Desigur, avem nevoie de un exemplu clasic cu Alice \u0219i Bob. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 Alice va paria $500 cu Bob despre Bitcoin pre\u021b<\/a> pentru urm\u0103torul weekend. Bob crede c\u0103 va sc\u0103dea p\u00e2n\u0103 la X dolari, \u00een timp ce Alice crede c\u0103 va sc\u0103dea X dolari.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deci, decid s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 un contract inteligent (atr\u0103g\u0103tor pentru un dezvoltator sau o platform\u0103 ca serviciu) \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i stabilesc condi\u021biile. Fondurile ($500) vor fi depuse \u00een criptomoned\u0103 la contract,<\/strong> iar dac\u0103 pre\u021bul Bitcoin cre\u0219te X pentru weekendul urm\u0103tor, contractul va tranzac\u021biona automat fondurile c\u0103tre Bob. Dac\u0103 pre\u021bul de Bitcoin<\/a> scade X, fondurile vor merge la adresa Alice. Si asta e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Bitcoin-15000-bull-run\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Acum, o alt\u0103 situa\u021bie, de data aceasta implic\u00e2nd un Internet al obiectelor (IoT). Alice vrea s\u0103-\u0219i \u00eenchirieze casa lui Bob \u0219i are avantajul unei \u00eencuietori inteligente instalate, controlat\u0103 digital pentru a deschide \u0219i \u00eenchide u\u0219a. Deci, construiesc un contract inteligent \u0219i stabilesc ace\u0219ti termeni: Bob va pl\u0103ti lunar X dolari \u00een criptare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 nu reu\u0219e\u0219te s\u0103 fac\u0103 acest lucru timp de dou\u0103 luni, contractul va dispune \u00eencuietoarea inteligent\u0103 pentru a men\u021bine u\u0219a (\u0219i accesul \u00een cas\u0103) \u00eenchise.<\/strong> \u00cen acest fel, Alice se asigur\u0103 c\u0103 va primi \u00een mod corespunz\u0103tor cifra convenit\u0103, iar Bob nu mai trebuie s\u0103 adune alte documente sau cerin\u021be pentru Alice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0218i, la urma urmei, este un tip de contract. Imagina\u021bia este limita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unele utiliz\u0103ri populare pentru contractele inteligente<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Exist\u0103 deja sute de aplica\u021bii bazate pe contracte inteligente, cu o mul\u021bime de categorii \u0219i func\u021bii. Schimburi, jocuri de noroc, jocuri, investi\u021bii, propriet\u0103\u021bi imobiliare, asisten\u021b\u0103 medical\u0103, pie\u021be, sondaje ... toate lucreaz\u0103 cu contracte inteligente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poate c\u0103 unii dintre ace\u0219ti Dapps (care nu sunt contracte inteligente \u00een sine, dar lucreaz\u0103 cu ei), v\u0103 pot suna. CryptoKitties (colec\u021bii), Uniswap (schimb), Aragon (guvernan\u021b\u0103), District0x (pie\u021be \u0219i comunit\u0103\u021bi), Augur (pia\u021b\u0103 de predic\u021bie), Synthetix (pentru active sintetice), Axie Infinity (jocuri), Grid + (energie) \u0219i Actifit (s\u0103n\u0103tate) sunt doar exemple. Conform Starea Dapps<\/a>, sunt peste 2.500.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Imagine de Edar de la Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0218i \u0219tii ce mai func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu aceste contracte? \u00centregul Finan\u021be descentralizate (DeFi)<\/a> ecosistem, un boom \u00een aceste zile. Putem g\u0103si acolo o mul\u021bime de instrumente de investi\u021bii (pentru randament agricol<\/a>, mai ales), \u00eemprumuturi, asigur\u0103ri, economii \u0219i multe altele. Platforme precum Yearn Finance, Compound, UMA, Maker, Curve \u0219i Pickle Finance<\/a> apar\u021bin acestei categorii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dincolo de aceasta, b\u0103nci \u0219i companii precum BBVA, Bankia, Sabadell, CaixaBank, IBM, Microsoft, Google, Ernst & Young, S7 Airlines, BitGive<\/a>, Money on Chain \u0219i OneSmart City fie testeaz\u0103 contracte inteligente pentru a-\u0219i \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi serviciile, fie le utilizeaz\u0103 deja \u00een diferite aplica\u021bii. Deci, dup\u0103 cum pute\u021bi vedea, suntem deja plini de aceste contracte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Dori\u021bi s\u0103 tranzac\u021biona\u021bi BTC, ETH \u0219i alte jetoane? O po\u021bi face<\/em>\u00a0\u00een siguran\u021b\u0103\u00a0pe Alfacash<\/a>! \u0218i nu uita\u021bi c\u0103 vorbim despre acest lucru \u0219i despre multe alte lucruri pe re\u021belele noastre sociale.

<\/em>Stare de nervozitate<\/a>\u00a0*\u00a0Telegram\u0103<\/a>\u00a0*\u00a0Instagram<\/a> * Youtube<\/a>\u00a0*Facebook<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0Vkontakte<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Contractele inteligente sun\u0103 ca un termen dificil, mai ales atunci c\u00e2nd \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103-l explice. S\u0103 verific\u0103m o descriere u\u0219oar\u0103 \u0219i utiliz\u0103ri.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":4848,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[86,61,44,84,107,199],"class_list":{"0":"post-4844","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-learn","8":"tag-blockchain","9":"tag-cryptocurrencies","10":"tag-decentralization","11":"tag-defi","12":"tag-ethereum","13":"tag-smart-contracts"},"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Smart-contracts-Guide-Alfacash.png","author_info":{"display_name":"Isabel P\u00e9rez","author_link":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/ro\/author\/isabel\/"},"yoast_head":"\nWhat on earth are smart contracts? An easy guide - alfa.cash blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Smart contracts sound like a tricky term, especially when they're trying to explain it. Let's check an easy description and uses.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/ro\/2020\/12\/09\/ce-sunt-contracte-inteligente-pentru-ce\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What on earth are smart contracts? An easy guide\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Smart contracts sound like a tricky term, especially when they're trying to explain it. 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