{"id":3985,"date":"2020-08-30T04:28:18","date_gmt":"2020-08-30T01:28:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/?p=3985"},"modified":"2024-02-19T21:53:20","modified_gmt":"2024-02-19T18:53:20","slug":"figuriny-co-je-blockchain-ako-to-funguje","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/sk\/2020\/08\/30\/figuriny-co-je-blockchain-ako-to-funguje\/","title":{"rendered":"Pre atrapy: \u010do je blockchain a ako funguje?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Blockchain a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed blockchain! To je v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti be\u017en\u00fd pojem, v obchodn\u00fdch sf\u00e9rach takmer m\u00f3dny v\u00fdstrelok. Ka\u017ed\u00fd chce nie\u010do s blockchainom, aj ke\u010f nevie, \u010do presne \u201eblockchain\u201c je. Nie\u010do o kryptomen\u00e1ch, nie? Nie\u010do ako nov\u00fd super-techy-thingamajig, \u017ee ...?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nie tak \u00faplne, priate\u013eu. M\u00f4\u017eeme teda za\u010da\u0165 kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u010do NIE JE blockchain a na \u010do NIE:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Blockchain nie je kryptomena.
* Blockchain nie je investi\u010dn\u00e1 platforma.
* Blockchain nie je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia open-source platforma.
* Blockchain nemus\u00ed by\u0165 distribuovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m.
* Blockchain nemus\u00ed by\u0165 a decentralizovan\u00fd<\/em> syst\u00e9m.
* Blockchain nie je k\u00fazeln\u00fd.
* Blockchain nedok\u00e1\u017ee vyrie\u0161i\u0165 v\u0161etky va\u0161e probl\u00e9my.
* Blockchain nemus\u00ed nijako zvy\u0161ova\u0165 va\u0161e z\u00e1robky.
 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161etko jasn\u00e9? Potom m\u00f4\u017eeme za\u010da\u0165 u\u010di\u0165 sa<\/a> \u010do je vlastne \u201eblockchain\u201c a ak\u00fd je jeho \u00fa\u010del vo vesm\u00edre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blockchain je ...<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1to vec nie je ni\u010d in\u00e9 ako \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00e1 kniha v digit\u00e1lne \u0161ifrovanej verzii.<\/strong> Znie to nudne? No, \u00faprimne povedan\u00e9, je to nejak\u00e1 nuda. Kde je tam k\u00fazlo? Pre\u010do s\u00fa v\u0161etci tak\u00ed nad\u0161en\u00ed? A pre\u010do m\u00e1 t\u00e1to vec nie\u010do spolo\u010dn\u00e9 s kryptomenami?<\/a> Vysvetl\u00edme to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pred dvan\u00e1stimi rokmi sa osoba (alebo skupina \u013eud\u00ed) zn\u00e1ma ako Satoshi Nakamoto sna\u017eila vyrie\u0161i\u0165 probl\u00e9m dvojit\u00e9ho m\u00ed\u0148ania digit\u00e1lnych pe\u0148az\u00ed ned\u00f4veryhodn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. Ok! M\u00f4\u017eeme trochu spomali\u0165. Dvojit\u00e9 v\u00fddavky s\u00fa v z\u00e1sade utraten\u00edm rovnak\u00fdch digit\u00e1lnych pe\u0148az\u00ed viackr\u00e1t (ako by sa malo). Viete, na internete m\u00f4\u017eete kop\u00edrova\u0165 a vklada\u0165 takmer v\u0161etko, pre\u010do nie peniaze?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aby sme sa vyhli tak\u00e9muto spr\u00e1vaniu, d\u00f4verovali sme centralizovan\u00fdm in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00e1m, ako s\u00fa banky a vl\u00e1dy. Po odoslan\u00ed elektronick\u00e9ho bankov\u00e9ho prevodu syst\u00e9m banky tieto peniaze z\u013eav\u00ed z v\u00e1\u0161ho \u00fa\u010dtu. Keby tam neboli, pravdepodobne by \u013eudia len nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t minuli tie ist\u00e9 peniaze. A \u017ee je to ako l\u00fape\u017e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tak\u017ee Satoshi uva\u017eoval v automatickom syst\u00e9me, ktor\u00fd by nahradil tieto centralizovan\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie <\/strong>a umo\u017eni\u0165 s\u00fa\u010dasne ma\u0165 digit\u00e1lnu hotovos\u0165 bez probl\u00e9mu s dvojit\u00fdm v\u00fddajom. Chytil potom ak\u00fasi experiment\u00e1lnu kryptografick\u00fa (\u0161ifrovan\u00fa) datab\u00e1zu vytvoren\u00fa v 70. rokoch a zmie\u0161al ju s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi technick\u00fdmi prvkami, aby vytvoril prv\u00fa decentralizovan\u00fa digit\u00e1lnu menu bez probl\u00e9mov s dvojit\u00fdmi v\u00fddavkami. A Bitcoin sa narodil v roku 2009!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Obr\u00e1zok Gerd Altmann \/ Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1to experiment\u00e1lna kryptografick\u00e1 datab\u00e1za je sl\u00e1vnym blockchainom napriek tomu, \u017ee to vtedy nikto nevedel. Ani satoshi: meno pri\u0161lo po Bitcoin<\/a>. Pre\u010do nie \u201ekrypto-datab\u00e1za\u201c alebo nie\u010do podobn\u00e9 namiesto \u201eblockchain\u201c? Je to tak preto, lebo datab\u00e1za je v skuto\u010dnosti ... ako to znie, re\u0165az blokov. Digit\u00e1lne bloky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako funguj\u00fa bloky?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u201eblok\u201c je mal\u00fdm kontajnerom \u00fadajov<\/strong> (pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9 transakcie, v pr\u00edpade kryptomeny), prip\u00fatan\u00e9 ku v\u0161etk\u00fdm ostatn\u00fdm (minulosti a futures) s nie\u010d\u00edm, \u010do sa naz\u00fdva \u201eha\u0161ovanie\u201c. Jedn\u00e1 sa o \u0161ifrovan\u00fd v\u00fdsledok prechodu \u00fadajov zlo\u017eit\u00fdm algoritmom. Nie\u010do tak\u00e9 (ak pou\u017eijeme Algoritmus SHA256<\/a>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fadaje: Previedli ste 1 BTC na Mika.
* Ha\u0161ovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje: 710DAEB54021CCD83046E4FA16106E4DC10E5D617E4C28F61CE29C29CFAE823E<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd hash predstavuje jedine\u010dn\u00fa identitu pre ka\u017ed\u00fa transakciu a ka\u017ed\u00fd existuj\u00faci blok (skupina transakci\u00ed). V\u0161etky tieto identity sa nesk\u00f4r matematicky spoja a \u201ere\u0165azia\u201c sa t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom. Tak\u017ee ak sa niekto pok\u00fasi podv\u00e1dza\u0165, hash jeho transakcie (jedine\u010dn\u00e1 identita) sa zmen\u00ed; a ak sa zmen\u00ed, bude odpojen\u00e9 a automaticky sa stane neplatn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Obr\u00e1zok Christine Schmidt \/ Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Pam\u00e4tajme si napr\u00edklad na\u0161e po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fadaje (Mikovi ste preniesli 1 BTC). Ak tam zmen\u00edme \u010do i len mal\u00fd znak, radik\u00e1lne sa zmen\u00ed aj hash:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fadaje: Mikovi ste previedli 2 BTC.
* Ha\u0161ovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje: 005002AC29AE0D1944110DB27CC73E9090F013B15207D84F2086B8646DAF549E<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Transakcia u\u017e nie je platn\u00e1 a vy, chudobn\u00fd smrte\u013en\u00edk, nem\u00f4\u017eete oklama\u0165 blockchainov\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Aj ke\u010f \u00farady nedohliadaj\u00fa. Po\u010fme v\u0161ak teraz simulova\u0165 \u201ezl\u00fa\u010denie\u201c medzi transakciami. Povedzme, \u017ee tieto ha\u0161e s\u00fa skuto\u010dne platn\u00e9 a predstavuj\u00fa identity dvoch r\u00f4znych blokov. Ako sa navz\u00e1jom re\u0165azia? Samozrejme, \u017ee sa hashuj\u00fa.<\/strong> Takto:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fadaje:
710DAEB54021CCD83046E4FA16106E4DC10E5D617E4C28F61CE29C29CFAE823E
005002AC29AE0D1944110DB27CC73E9090F013B15207D84F2086B8646DAF549E
* Ha\u0161ovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje: EDFE12B5DB008F6491BA671DBE6BA25BD89BD6445B5003E9B3789605DBD24AD8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A je to! Ak chcete nie\u010do zmeni\u0165 a uvies\u0165 do platnosti, mus\u00edte najsk\u00f4r de\u0161ifrova\u0165 a zmeni\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00fd existuj\u00faci blok. Ve\u013ea \u0161\u0165astia pri tom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blockchain nefunguje s\u00e1m<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Napriek matematike t\u00e1to sofistikovan\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00e1 kniha nem\u00f4\u017ee fungova\u0165 sama. Potrebuje \u010fal\u0161ie prvky, ktor\u00e9 do\u0148 pridal Satoshi: distribuovan\u00fa sie\u0165 uzlov (a \u013eud\u00ed), vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fd algoritmus na \u0161ifrovanie transakci\u00ed a nastavenie pravidiel pre valid\u00e1tory, transakcie, ktor\u00e9 sa maj\u00fa min\u00fa\u0165 alebo \u201ecoiny\u201c, a s\u00fakromn\u00e9 a verejn\u00e9 kryptografick\u00e9 k\u013e\u00fa\u010de. Po jednom r\u00fdchlo skontrolujeme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Distribuovan\u00e1 sie\u0165<\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Obr\u00e1zok Gerd Altmann \/ Pixabay <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Nie s\u00fa to banky alebo vl\u00e1dy, ale niekto by mal nejak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom overi\u0165 transakcie. A pre decentralizovan\u00e9 syst\u00e9my (ako v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina kryptomien) by to bola distribuovan\u00e1 sie\u0165 prisp\u00f4soben\u00e1 mnoh\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom z cel\u00e9ho sveta a ich po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom a vybaveniu (uzly). Najm\u00e4 tie posledn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vec je, ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlen siete (zn\u00e1my ako ban\u00edk alebo valid\u00e1tor<\/a>) m\u00e1 v hardv\u00e9ri k\u00f3piu cel\u00e9ho blockchainu<\/strong>a ich \u0161pecializovan\u00fd softv\u00e9r alebo \u0165a\u017eobn\u00e9 zariadenie je zodpovedn\u00e9 za overovanie a vedenie z\u00e1znamov o v\u0161etk\u00fdch nov\u00fdch transakci\u00e1ch a razenie nov\u00fdch \u201ecoinov\u201c; pod\u013ea matematick\u00fdch pravidiel stanoven\u00fdch algoritmom syst\u00e9mu. V\u00fdsledok by mal by\u0165 pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu valid\u00e1torov v\u017edy rovnak\u00fd, inak bude transakcia alebo blok neplatn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konsenzusov\u00fd algoritmus <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Obr\u00e1zok Tomasz Miko\u0142ajczyk \/ Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Algoritmus m\u00f4\u017eeme definova\u0165 ako s\u00fabor krokov a met\u00f3d, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zostaven\u00e9 s matematikou na dosiahnutie konkr\u00e9tneho v\u00fdsledku alebo vyrie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mu. Existuje ve\u013ea algoritmov a nie v\u0161etky pracuj\u00fa na vytvoren\u00ed blockchainu. Mali by by\u0165 ve\u013emi komplexn\u00e9 a siln\u00e9, aby sa zachovala vysok\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 a platnos\u0165 pravidiel medzi valid\u00e1tormi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nie ka\u017ed\u00fd syst\u00e9m kryptomeny alebo blockchainu pou\u017e\u00edva rovnak\u00fd algoritmus.<\/strong> Napr\u00edklad Bitcoin<\/a>, pou\u017e\u00edva SHA256 (ten, ktor\u00fd sme pou\u017e\u00edvali predt\u00fdm), ale Ethereum pou\u017e\u00edva Ethash a Zcash pou\u017e\u00edva Equihash. S\u00fa to r\u00f4zne matematick\u00e9 funkcie, ale \u00fa\u010del je rovnak\u00fd: \u0161ifrovanie \u00fadajov.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nevy\u010derpan\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy transakci\u00ed (UTXO) <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Obr\u00e1zok Matthias Wewering \/ Pixabay <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Pozn\u00e1me pojem, ktor\u00fd znie zlo\u017eito, ale jedn\u00e1 sa o \u201edigit\u00e1lne mince\u201c alebo transakcie ako tak\u00e9. S\u00fa ako fragmenty majetku, ktor\u00e9 sa vymie\u0148aj\u00fa s ostatn\u00fdmi \u013eu\u010fmi. M\u00f4\u017eete ich tie\u017e porovna\u0165 s bankovkami alebo centmi vo va\u0161ej fyzickej pe\u0148a\u017eenke.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fakromn\u00e9 a verejn\u00e9 kryptografick\u00e9 k\u013e\u00fa\u010de<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Obr\u00e1zok IntelFreePress \/ Flickr<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Jedn\u00e1 sa o matematick\u00e9 k\u013e\u00fa\u010de, ktor\u00e9 funguj\u00fa ako adresy na odosielanie a prij\u00edmanie finan\u010dn\u00fdch prostriedkov v r\u00e1mci blockchainu. Verejn\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d je ako \u010d\u00edslo bankov\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu:<\/strong> m\u00f4\u017eete ich vo\u013ene zdie\u013ea\u0165 a dost\u00e1va\u0165 peniaze. S\u00fakromn\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d na druhej strane pracuje na \u201epodp\u00edsan\u00ed\u201c transakci\u00ed a na overenie skuto\u010dn\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edka a jeho z\u00e1meru posla\u0165 finan\u010dn\u00e9 prostriedky. In\u00fdmi slovami, s\u00fakromn\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d je ako heslo a s\u00fakromn\u00fd aj verejn\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d tvoria \u201e\u00fa\u010det\u201c v kryptomene alebo blockchainu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u201eBlockchain\u201c neznamen\u00e1 v\u017edy \u201edecentralizovan\u00fd\u201c<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ako sme si povedali na za\u010diatku, blockchain nemus\u00ed by\u0165 distribuovan\u00fd a nemus\u00ed by\u0165 decentralizovan\u00fd. Je to koniec koncov iba kryptografick\u00e1 kniha a \u010fal\u0161ie prvky, ktor\u00e9 s \u0148ou pracuj\u00fa, sa m\u00f4\u017eu meni\u0165 pod\u013ea potrieb ich tvorcov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satoshi Nakamoto bol prvou osobou, ktor\u00e1 ho pou\u017eila s Bitcoin, ale zdrojov\u00fd k\u00f3d<\/a> preto\u017ee tento druh \u00fa\u010dtovnej knihy je pr\u00edstupn\u00fd verejnosti. M\u00f4\u017ee sa kop\u00edrova\u0165, prilepi\u0165, upravi\u0165 alebo dokonca preda\u0165. Mnoho \u013eud\u00ed (a podnikov) na celom svete teda vysk\u00fa\u0161alo t\u00fato technol\u00f3giu pre svoje vlastn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie, a to aj mimo kryptomien. Banky nie s\u00fa vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00e9: radi vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa blockchainy na budovanie nov\u00fdch platobn\u00fdch platforiem. A ako si viete predstavi\u0165, nie s\u00fa decentralizovan\u00e9, ale \u00faplne kontrolovan\u00e9 in\u0161titucion\u00e1lnou sie\u0165ou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blockchainy niekedy nefunguj\u00fa s distribuovan\u00fdmi sie\u0165ami, iba s riaden\u00fdmi intern\u00fdmi sie\u0165ami<\/strong>. Tento druh platformy vy\u017eaduje pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9 povolenia od tvorcov, preto sa im hovor\u00ed \u201eopr\u00e1vnen\u00e9\u201c alebo s\u00fakromn\u00e9 blockchainy. Na druhej strane, kryptomeny a platformy ako Bitcoin funguj\u00fa s decentralizovan\u00fdmi sie\u0165ami. To ich rob\u00ed \u201ebez dovolenia\u201c alebo verejn\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Chcete obchodova\u0165 s BTC, ETH a in\u00fdmi tokenmi? Ty to dok\u00e1\u017ee\u0161<\/em>\u00a0bezpe\u010dne\u00a0na Alfacash<\/a>! A nezabudnite, \u017ee o tomto a o mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch veciach hovor\u00edme na na\u0161ich soci\u00e1lnych sie\u0165ach.

<\/em>Twitter<\/a>\u00a0*\u00a0Telegram<\/a>\u00a0*\u00a0Instagram<\/a> * YouTube<\/a>\u00a0*Facebook<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0Vkontakte<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ka\u017ed\u00fd chce nie\u010do s blockchainom, aj ke\u010f nevie, \u010do presne je \u201eblockchain\u201c. Tak po\u010fme na to!<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":3747,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[43,86,44,56,87,72],"class_list":{"0":"post-3985","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-learn","8":"tag-bitcoin","9":"tag-blockchain","10":"tag-decentralization","11":"tag-how-to","12":"tag-ledger","13":"tag-mining"},"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/What-is-a-blockchain-deep-inside.svg","author_info":{"display_name":"Isabel P\u00e9rez","author_link":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/sk\/author\/isabel\/"},"yoast_head":"\nFor dummies: what is a blockchain and how it works? - alfa.cash blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Everybody wants something with blockchain, even if they don\u2019t know exactly what a \u201cblockchain\u201d is. 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