{"id":4844,"date":"2020-12-09T23:33:52","date_gmt":"2020-12-09T20:33:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/?p=4844"},"modified":"2024-02-19T21:52:42","modified_gmt":"2024-02-19T18:52:42","slug":"what-are-smart-contract-what-they-for","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/sk\/2020\/12\/09\/what-are-smart-contract-what-they-for\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010co s\u00fa to preboha m\u00fadre zmluvy? \u013dahk\u00fd sprievodca"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pravdepodobne u\u017e viete, \u010do je to (tradi\u010dn\u00e1) zmluva, nie? Pam\u00e4tajme si to, ka\u017edop\u00e1dne. Pod\u013ea slovn\u00edka Merriam-Webster je zmluva \u201ez\u00e1v\u00e4znou dohodou medzi dvoma alebo viacer\u00fdmi osobami alebo stranami, najm\u00e4 jednou pr\u00e1vne vym\u00e1hate\u013enou\u201c. \u010co v\u00e1m teda prv\u00e9 napadne, ke\u010f sa povie \u201einteligentn\u00e9 zmluvy\u201c?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je dokument mo\u017eno v tablete? Je to teraz robot? AI za po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom? Je to len ... pripojen\u00e9 k internetu? Nie pr\u00e1ve. Ak sa pozriete na in\u00e9 zdroje (napr\u00edklad na spo\u013eahliv\u00fa Wikipediu), povedia nie\u010do podobn\u00e9 inteligentn\u00e1 zmluva je \u201edigit\u00e1lny protokol\u201c alebo \u201epo\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program\u201c, ktor\u00fd automaticky vykon\u00e1va svoje vopred ur\u010den\u00e9 podmienky<\/strong> ke\u010f s\u00fa tieto splnen\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Obr\u00e1zok Gerd Altmann z Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Pekn\u00e9, \u017ee ...? A \u010do to preboha znamen\u00e1? M\u00f4\u017eeme to vysvetli\u0165 takto: inteligentn\u00e1 zmluva nie je nie\u010do, \u010doho sa m\u00f4\u017eete dotkn\u00fa\u0165 alebo dokonca poriadne vidie\u0165. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou uvid\u00edte iba v\u00fdsledky, podobne ako pri k\u00e1bloch vo va\u0161om telev\u00edzore. Rozdiel je v tom, \u017ee tentoraz s\u00fa tieto v\u00fdsledky \u00faplne digit\u00e1lne, preto\u017ee s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na digit\u00e1lnej dohode blockchain<\/a>, nap\u00edsan\u00fd s v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fdm k\u00f3dom na presadzovanie predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich podmienok dohodnut\u00fdch stranami. M\u00f4\u017eete si to predstavi\u0165 ako automatick\u00fa zmluvu alebo z\u00e1ruku, ktor\u00e1 vo v\u0161eobecnosti nepotrebuje papier, pr\u00e1vnika, not\u00e1ra ani sprostredkovate\u013eov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tak\u017ee ... ako funguj\u00fa inteligentn\u00e9 zmluvy pre v\u00e1\u0161ho priemern\u00e9ho mu\u017ea?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kr\u00e1tka odpove\u010f je s digit\u00e1lnymi aplik\u00e1ciami alebo n\u00e1strojmi. Ak neviete, ako p\u00edsa\u0165 k\u00f3d (ako v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri alebo po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00ed in\u017einieri), nebudete ich ma\u0165 na starosti, tak\u017ee sa nebojte. Prenechajte t\u00fato \u00falohu odborn\u00edkom. Na ich pou\u017eitie si sta\u010d\u00ed vybra\u0165 aplik\u00e1ciu alebo platformu zalo\u017een\u00fa na inteligentn\u00fdch zmluv\u00e1ch (zvy\u010dajne decentralizovan\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie)<\/strong> a cho\u010fte s n\u00edm na svojom zariaden\u00ed (mobilnom alebo stolnom).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00f4\u017eeme sa v\u0161ak trochu porozpr\u00e1va\u0165 o vn\u00fatornom fungovan\u00ed inteligentnej zmluvy. Najprv sa pozrime na obr\u00e1zok, aby sme v\u00e1m uk\u00e1zali, ako vyzeraj\u00fa vo vn\u00fatri. Spoiler: je to ak\u00e9si nudn\u00e9. Je to len kopa k\u00f3du.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Inteligentn\u00fd pr\u00edklad zmluvy. Zdroj: Ethereum.org<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ich \u00fadaje m\u00f4\u017eeme tie\u017e skontrolova\u0165 na serveri a prieskumn\u00edk blockchainu<\/a> (pr\u00edstupn\u00e1 webov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka), ak je samozrejme verejn\u00e1. Banky vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa svoje vlastn\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie s inteligentn\u00fdmi zmluvami, tak\u017ee nie s\u00fa verejn\u00e9. M\u00f4\u017eeme v\u0161ak skontrolova\u0165 napr\u00edklad priemern\u00fa zmluvu na Ethereum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Pr\u00edklad verejn\u00fdch \u00fadajov v inteligentnej zmluve. Zdroj: Etherscan<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Dozved\u00e1me sa tu d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa vec o inteligentn\u00fdch zmluv\u00e1ch. Okrem k\u00f3du s\u00fa vyroben\u00e9 z transakci\u00ed a pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho zostatku. <\/strong>To v\u0161ak neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee jedin\u00e9 a iba ich pou\u017eitie mus\u00ed by\u0165 finan\u010dn\u00e9: transakcie m\u00f4\u017eu tie\u017e predstavova\u0165 iba inform\u00e1cie. Pokia\u013e ide o zostatok, pravdou je, \u017ee decentralizovan\u00e9 inteligentn\u00e9 zmluvy vy\u017eaduj\u00fa, aby fungovali ur\u010dit\u00e9 poplatky (zvy\u010dajne vo forme kryptomien), ur\u010den\u00e9 ban\u00edkov alebo valid\u00e1torov<\/a> blockchainu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Postup je ako\u2026<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Napr\u00edklad vo vn\u00fatri Ethereum je zmluva in\u00fd druh adresy<\/a> (pe\u0148a\u017eenka\/\u00fa\u010det), so zostatkom a transakciami. Je to v\u0161ak druh kolekt\u00edvnej adresy, navrhnut\u00fd tak, aby fungoval ako most medzi dvoma alebo viacer\u00fdmi stranami s prednastaven\u00fdmi podmienkami. T\u00fato adresu preto nekontroluje iba jeden pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e, ale jej vlastn\u00e9 vopred dohodnut\u00e9 podmienky, ktor\u00e9 vynucuje cel\u00e1 sie\u0165 Ethereum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010dom, kedy m\u00f4\u017ee t\u00e1to adresa nie\u010do urobi\u0165 (napr\u00edklad automaticky previes\u0165 peniaze), je udalos\u0165, ktor\u00fa strany o\u010dak\u00e1vaj\u00fa<\/strong>. M\u00f4\u017ee to by\u0165 predaj, d\u00e1tum platby, z\u00e1znam nie\u010doho, nov\u00fd produkt online, zmena ceny<\/a>, anketa, alebo dokonca \u0161portov\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Obr\u00e1zok od kinkate z Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Zmluva siaha po inform\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 o nej poskytli z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00e9 strany alebo \u201eor\u00e1kulum\u201c (softv\u00e9r, ktor\u00fd konzultuje s extern\u00fdmi zdrojmi), a v d\u00f4sledku toho kon\u00e1 pod\u013ea svojich prednastaven\u00fdch podmienok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ke\u010f to zhrniem, toto je postup:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Strany dojedn\u00e1vaj\u00fa podmienky zmluvy (alebo ich spolo\u010dnos\u0165\/developer zverejn\u00ed pre ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kto sa chce pripoji\u0165).
2. V\u00fdvoj\u00e1r zostav\u00ed protokol vo vybranom blockchaine (Ethereum<\/a>(EOS, Tron, Cardano, RSK at\u010f.), Pri\u010dom pou\u017eij\u00fa dohodnut\u00e9 podmienky.
3. Zmluva a jej podmienky s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 na adrese tohto blockchainu.
4. Udalos\u0165 sa stane.
5. Zmluva rob\u00ed transakcie pod\u013ea v\u00fdsledku uvedenej udalosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Alice a Bob pou\u017e\u00edvali inteligentn\u00e9 zmluvy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Samozrejme, potrebujeme klasick\u00fd pr\u00edklad s Alice a Bobom. Povedzme, \u017ee Alice sa chyst\u00e1 stavi\u0165 $500 s Bobom o Cena Bitcoin<\/a> na bud\u00faci v\u00edkend. Bob si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee to bude a\u017e X dol\u00e1rov, zatia\u013e \u010do Alice si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee to bude a\u017e X dol\u00e1rov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rozhodn\u00fa sa teda vytvori\u0165 inteligentn\u00fa zmluvu (pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017eliv\u00fa pre v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov alebo platformu ako slu\u017ebu) a stanovi\u0165 si podmienky. Prostriedky ($500) bud\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v kryptomene k zmluve,<\/strong> a ak cena Bitcoin st\u00fapne X nasleduj\u00faci v\u00edkend, zmluva automaticky prevedie prostriedky Bobovi. Ak cena Bitcoin<\/a> kles\u00e1 X, finan\u010dn\u00e9 prostriedky p\u00f4jdu na Alicinu adresu. A to je v\u0161etko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Bitcoin-15000-b\u00fdk-beh\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Teraz je tu \u010fal\u0161ia situ\u00e1cia, tentoraz zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00faca nejak\u00fd internet vec\u00ed (IoT). Alice chce prenaja\u0165 svoj dom Bobovi a ona m\u00e1 v\u00fdhodu nain\u0161talovan\u00e9ho inteligentn\u00e9ho z\u00e1mku, ktor\u00fd sa digit\u00e1lne ovl\u00e1da na otv\u00e1ranie a zatv\u00e1ranie dver\u00ed. Vytvoria teda m\u00fadru zmluvu a stanovia tieto podmienky: Bob zaplat\u00ed kryptomenu X dol\u00e1rov mesa\u010dne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak to neurob\u00ed do dvoch mesiacov, pod\u013ea zmluvy bude inteligentn\u00fd z\u00e1mok necha\u0165 dvere (a pr\u00edstup do domu) zatvoren\u00e9.<\/strong> Alice tak zaist\u00ed, \u017ee riadne dostane dohodnut\u00fa fig\u00farku, a Bob u\u017e nemus\u00ed pre Alice zbiera\u0165 \u017eiadne \u010fal\u0161ie dokumenty ani n\u00e1le\u017eitosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No, a predsa je to typ zmluvy. Fant\u00e1zia je hranica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Niektor\u00e9 popul\u00e1rne pou\u017eitia pre inteligentn\u00e9 zmluvy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

U\u017e existuj\u00fa stovky aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00fdch na inteligentn\u00fdch zmluv\u00e1ch s mnoh\u00fdmi kateg\u00f3riami a funkciami. Burzy, hazardn\u00e9 hry, hry, invest\u00edcie, nehnute\u013enosti, zdravotn\u00e1 starostlivos\u0165, trhy, prieskumy verejnej mienky ... v\u0161etky funguj\u00fa s inteligentn\u00fdmi zmluvami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mo\u017eno v\u00e1m niektor\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto Dappov (ktor\u00e9 samy o sebe nie s\u00fa inteligentn\u00fdmi zmluvami, ale pracuj\u00fa s nimi) m\u00f4\u017eu zazvoni\u0165. CryptoKitties (zberate\u013esk\u00e9 predmety), Uniswap (v\u00fdmena), Aragon (spr\u00e1va), District0x (trhy a komunity), Augur (predik\u010dn\u00fd trh), Synthetix (pre syntetick\u00e9 akt\u00edva), Axie Infinity (hry), Grid+ (energia) a Actifit (zdravie) s\u00fa len pr\u00edklady. Pod\u013ea Stav Dapps<\/a>, je ich viac ako 2 500.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Fotografia Edar z Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

A viete, \u010do e\u0161te funguje s t\u00fdmito zmluvami? Cel\u00e1 Decentralizovan\u00e9 financie (DeFi)<\/a> ekosyst\u00e9m, v dne\u0161nej dobe boom. N\u00e1jdeme tam mnoho investi\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov (napr v\u00fdnosov\u00e9 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo<\/a>, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou), p\u00f4\u017ei\u010dky, poistenie, \u00faspory a \u010fal\u0161ie. Platformy ako Yearn Finance, Compound, UMA, Maker, Curve a Nakladanie financi\u00ed<\/a> patria do tejto kateg\u00f3rie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okrem toho banky a spolo\u010dnosti ako BBVA, Bankia, Sabadell, CaixaBank, IBM, Microsoft, Google, Ernst & Young, S7 Airlines, BitGive<\/a>, Money on Chain a OneSmart City bu\u010f testuj\u00fa inteligentn\u00e9 zmluvy na zlep\u0161enie svojich slu\u017eieb, alebo ich u\u017e pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v r\u00f4znych aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Ako teda vid\u00edte, t\u00fdchto zml\u00fav sme u\u017e pln\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Chcete obchodova\u0165 s BTC, ETH a in\u00fdmi tokenmi? Ty to dok\u00e1\u017ee\u0161<\/em>\u00a0bezpe\u010dne\u00a0na Alfacash<\/a>! A nezabudnite, \u017ee o tomto a o mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch veciach hovor\u00edme na na\u0161ich soci\u00e1lnych sie\u0165ach.

<\/em>Twitter<\/a>\u00a0*\u00a0Telegram<\/a>\u00a0*\u00a0Instagram<\/a> * YouTube<\/a>\u00a0*Facebook<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0Vkontakte<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Inteligentn\u00e9 zmluvy vyznievaj\u00fa ako o\u0161emetn\u00fd term\u00edn, najm\u00e4 ke\u010f sa to pok\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa vysvetli\u0165. Pozrime sa na jednoduch\u00fd popis a pou\u017eitie.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":4848,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[86,61,44,84,107,199],"class_list":{"0":"post-4844","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-learn","8":"tag-blockchain","9":"tag-cryptocurrencies","10":"tag-decentralization","11":"tag-defi","12":"tag-ethereum","13":"tag-smart-contracts"},"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Smart-contracts-Guide-Alfacash.png","author_info":{"display_name":"Isabel P\u00e9rez","author_link":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/sk\/author\/isabel\/"},"yoast_head":"\nWhat on earth are smart contracts? 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