{"id":3985,"date":"2020-08-30T04:28:18","date_gmt":"2020-08-30T01:28:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/?p=3985"},"modified":"2024-02-19T21:53:20","modified_gmt":"2024-02-19T18:53:20","slug":"dummies-what-is-blockchain-how-it-works","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/sv\/2020\/08\/30\/dummies-what-is-blockchain-how-it-works\/","title":{"rendered":"F\u00f6r dummies: vad \u00e4r en blockchain och hur den fungerar?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Blockchain och mer blockchain! Det \u00e4r f\u00f6r n\u00e4rvarande en vanlig term, n\u00e4stan en modefluga inom f\u00f6retagssf\u00e4ren. Alla vill ha n\u00e5got med blockchain, \u00e4ven om de inte vet exakt vad en "blockchain" \u00e4r. N\u00e5got om kryptovalutor, eller hur? N\u00e5got som en ny super-techy-thingamajig, eller hur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inte precis, min v\u00e4n. S\u00e5 vi kan b\u00f6rja ange vad som INTE \u00e4r en blockchain och vad \u00e4r det INTE f\u00f6r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Blockchain \u00e4r inte en kryptovaluta.
* Blockchain \u00e4r inte en investeringsplattform.
* Blockchain \u00e4r inte den st\u00f6rre plattformen med \u00f6ppen k\u00e4llkod.
* Blockchain kanske inte \u00e4r ett distribuerat system.
* Blockchain kanske inte \u00e4r en decentraliserad<\/em> systemet.
* Blockchain \u00e4r inte magiskt.
* Blockchain kan inte l\u00f6sa alla dina problem.
* Blockchain kanske inte \u00f6kar dina int\u00e4kter p\u00e5 n\u00e5got s\u00e4tt.
 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Allt klart? Sedan kan vi b\u00f6rja att l\u00e4ra<\/a> vad en "blockchain" egentligen \u00e4r och vad \u00e4r dess syfte i universum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En blockchain \u00e4r ...<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Den h\u00e4r saken \u00e4r inget annat \u00e4n en bokf\u00f6ringsbok i en digitalkrypterad version.<\/strong> L\u00e5ter tr\u00e5kigt? Det \u00e4r tr\u00e5kigt, f\u00f6r att vara \u00e4rlig. Var \u00e4r magin d\u00e4r inne? Varf\u00f6r \u00e4r alla s\u00e5 glada? Och varf\u00f6r den h\u00e4r saken har n\u00e5got att g\u00f6ra med kryptovalutor?<\/a> L\u00e5t oss f\u00f6rklara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f6r tolv \u00e5r sedan f\u00f6rs\u00f6kte personen (eller en grupp m\u00e4nniskor) som kallas Satoshi Nakamoto l\u00f6sa det dubbla utgiftsproblemet p\u00e5 digitala kontanter p\u00e5 ett f\u00f6rtroendl\u00f6st s\u00e4tt. Ok! Vi kan sakta ner lite. Dubbelutgifter \u00e4r i grund och botten att spendera samma digitala pengar mer \u00e4n en g\u00e5ng (som det borde vara). Du vet, du kan kopiera och klistra in n\u00e4stan allt p\u00e5 Internet, varf\u00f6r inte pengarna?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f6r att undvika denna typ av beteende har vi litat p\u00e5 centraliserade institutioner, som banker och regeringar. N\u00e4r du har skickat en elektronisk bank\u00f6verf\u00f6ring rabatterar bankens system dessa pengar fr\u00e5n ditt konto. Om de inte var d\u00e4r skulle folk f\u00f6rmodligen bara spendera samma pengar flera g\u00e5nger. Och att det \u00e4r som ett r\u00e5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e5, Satoshi t\u00e4nkte i ett automatiskt system f\u00f6r att ers\u00e4tta dessa centraliserade institutioner <\/strong>och g\u00f6ra det m\u00f6jligt att ha digitala kontanter utan dubbla utgiftsproblem samtidigt. Han \/ hon \/ det grep sedan en typ av experimentell kryptografisk (krypterad) databas skapad p\u00e5 70-talet och blandade den med andra tekniska element f\u00f6r att skapa den f\u00f6rsta decentraliserade digitala valutan utan ett dubbelt utgiftsproblem. Och Bitcoin f\u00f6ddes 2009!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Bild av Gerd Altmann \/ Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Den h\u00e4r experimentella kryptografiska databasen \u00e4r den ber\u00f6mda blockchain, trots att ingen visste det som det d\u00e5. Inte ens Satoshi: namnet kom efter Bitcoin<\/a>. Varf\u00f6r inte "kryptodatabas" eller n\u00e5got liknande i st\u00e4llet f\u00f6r "blockchain"? Det beror p\u00e5 att databasen faktiskt \u00e4r ... en kedja av block, som det l\u00e5ter. Digitala block.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hur fungerar block?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Varje "block" \u00e4r en liten beh\u00e5llare med data<\/strong> (monet\u00e4ra transaktioner, i ett kryptovalutafall), kedjade till alla andra (f\u00f6rflutna och futures) med n\u00e5got som kallas \u201dhashes\u201d. Dessa \u00e4r det krypterade resultatet fr\u00e5n att skicka data genom en komplex algoritm. N\u00e5got liknande (om vi anv\u00e4nder SHA256-algoritm<\/a>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Ursprungliga data: Du har \u00f6verf\u00f6rt 1 BTC till Mike.
* Hashed data: 710DAEB54021CCD83046E4FA16106E4DC10E5D617E4C28F61CE29C29CFAE823E<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Varje hash representerar en unik identitet f\u00f6r varje transaktion och varje block (en grupp transaktioner) som finns. Alla dessa identiteter sm\u00e4lter matematiskt senare med varandra och "kedjar" sig p\u00e5 det s\u00e4ttet. S\u00e5 om n\u00e5gon f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker fuska, kommer hash f\u00f6r deras transaktion (den unika identiteten) att f\u00f6r\u00e4ndras; och om det \u00e4ndras kommer det att avkedjas och blir ogiltigt automatiskt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Bild av Christine Schmidt \/ Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e5t oss till exempel komma ih\u00e5g v\u00e5ra ursprungliga data (Du har \u00f6verf\u00f6rt 1 BTC till Mike). Om vi \u00e4ndrar till och med lite karakt\u00e4r d\u00e4r inne, kommer hash ocks\u00e5 att f\u00f6r\u00e4ndras radikalt:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Ursprungliga data: Du har \u00f6verf\u00f6rt 2 BTC till Mike.
* Hashed data: 005002AC29AE0D1944110DB27CC73E9090F013B15207D84F2086B8646DAF549E<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Transaktionen \u00e4r inte giltig l\u00e4ngre och du, d\u00e5lig d\u00f6dlig, kan inte lura blockchain-systemet. \u00c4ven om myndigheterna inte \u00f6vervakar. Men nu, l\u00e5t oss simulera "sammanslagning" mellan transaktioner. L\u00e5t oss s\u00e4ga att de h\u00e4r hasharna verkligen \u00e4r giltiga och representerar identiteten f\u00f6r tv\u00e5 olika block. Hur de kedjar till varandra? Naturligtvis hasar de sig tillsammans.<\/strong> Som detta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Ursprungliga data:
710DAEB54021CCD83046E4FA16106E4DC10E5D617E4C28F61CE29C29CFAE823E
005002AC29AE0D1944110DB27CC73E9090F013B15207D84F2086B8646DAF549E
* Hashed data: EDFE12B5DB008F6491BA671DBE6BA25BD89BD6445B5003E9B3789605DBD24AD8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Och det \u00e4r allt! Om du vill \u00e4ndra n\u00e5got och g\u00f6ra det giltigt m\u00e5ste du f\u00f6rst dechiffrera och \u00e4ndra varje existerande block. Lycka till med det.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En blockchain fungerar inte ensam<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Trots matematiken kan den sofistikerade storboken inte fungera av sig sj\u00e4lv. Det beh\u00f6ver de andra elementen som Satoshi har lagt till: ett distribuerat n\u00e4tverk av noder (och m\u00e4nniskor), den ovan n\u00e4mnda algoritmen f\u00f6r att kryptera transaktioner och st\u00e4lla in reglerna f\u00f6r validerarna, transaktionerna att spendera eller "mynt" och privata och offentliga kryptografiska nycklar. L\u00e5t oss kolla snabbt en efter en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Distribuerat n\u00e4tverk<\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Bild av Gerd Altmann \/ Pixabay <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Det \u00e4r inte bankerna eller regeringarna, men n\u00e5gon b\u00f6r verifiera transaktionerna p\u00e5 n\u00e5got s\u00e4tt. Och f\u00f6r decentraliserade system (som de flesta kryptovalutor) skulle det vara ett distribuerat n\u00e4tverk som \u00f6verensst\u00e4mmer med m\u00e5nga m\u00e4nniskor \u00f6ver hela v\u00e4rlden och deras datorer och utrustning (noder). Speciellt de sista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saken \u00e4r den, alla medlemmar i n\u00e4tverket (k\u00e4nd som gruvarbetare eller validerare<\/a>) har en kopia av hela blockchain i sin h\u00e5rdvara<\/strong>, och deras specialiserade programvara eller gruvutrustning ansvarar f\u00f6r att verifiera och f\u00f6ra register \u00f6ver varje ny transaktion och pr\u00e4gla nya "mynt"; f\u00f6ljer de matematiska regler som anges i systemets algoritm. Resultatet ska alltid vara detsamma f\u00f6r de flesta validerare, annars \u00e4r transaktionen eller blocket ogiltigt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En konsensusalgoritm <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Bild av Tomasz Miko\u0142ajczyk \/ Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Vi kan definiera en algoritm som en upps\u00e4ttning steg och metoder som byggs - med matematik - f\u00f6r att uppn\u00e5 ett specifikt resultat eller l\u00f6sa ett problem. Det finns m\u00e5nga algoritmer d\u00e4r ute, och inte alla arbetar f\u00f6r att bygga en blockchain. De b\u00f6r vara mycket komplexa och starka f\u00f6r att uppr\u00e4tth\u00e5lla h\u00f6g s\u00e4kerhet och tvinga reglerna bland validerare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inte varje kryptovaluta eller blockchain-system anv\u00e4nder samma algoritm heller.<\/strong> Bitcoin, till exempel<\/a>, anv\u00e4nder SHA256 (den vi anv\u00e4nde tidigare), men Ethereum anv\u00e4nder Ethash och Zcash anv\u00e4nder Equihash. De \u00e4r olika matematiska funktioner, men syftet \u00e4r detsamma: kryptera data.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Outnyttjade transaktionsutdata (UTXO) <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Bild av Matthias Wewering \/ Pixabay <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Vi vet att termen l\u00e5ter sv\u00e5rt, men det h\u00e4r \u00e4r \u201ddigitala mynt\u201d eller transaktioner i sig. De \u00e4r som fragment av egendom som fungerar f\u00f6r att utbyta med andra m\u00e4nniskor. Du kan ocks\u00e5 j\u00e4mf\u00f6ra dem med r\u00e4kningarna eller centen i din fysiska pl\u00e5nbok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Privata och offentliga kryptografiska nycklar<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Bild av IntelFreePress \/ Flickr<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Det h\u00e4r \u00e4r matematiska nycklar som fungerar som adresser f\u00f6r att skicka och ta emot pengar i en blockchain. Den offentliga nyckeln \u00e4r som ett bankkontonummer:<\/strong> du kan dela det fritt f\u00f6r att f\u00e5 pengar. Den privata nyckeln, \u00e5 andra sidan, arbetar f\u00f6r att "underteckna" transaktionerna och verifiera den verkliga \u00e4garen och deras avsikt att skicka pengarna. Med andra ord \u00e4r en privat nyckel som ett l\u00f6senord, och b\u00e5da, den privata och offentliga nyckeln, bildar ett "konto" inom kryptovalutan eller blockchain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


"Blockchain" betyder inte alltid "decentraliserat"<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Som vi sa f\u00f6rst kan en blockchain inte distribueras och kanske inte decentraliseras. Det \u00e4r ju bara en kryptografisk huvudbok, och de andra elementen som fungerar med den kan f\u00f6r\u00e4ndras efter deras skapares behov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satoshi Nakamoto var den f\u00f6rsta personen som anv\u00e4nde den med Bitcoin, men k\u00e4llkoden<\/a> f\u00f6r denna typ av huvudbok \u00e4r \u00f6ppen f\u00f6r allm\u00e4nheten. Det kan kopieras, klistras in, modifieras och till och med s\u00e4ljas. S\u00e5 m\u00e5nga m\u00e4nniskor (och f\u00f6retag) \u00f6ver hela v\u00e4rlden har testat denna teknik f\u00f6r eget bruk, \u00e4ven ut\u00f6ver kryptovalutor. Bankerna \u00e4r inte uteslutna: de gillar att anv\u00e4nda blockkedjor f\u00f6r att bygga nya betalningsplattformar. Och som ni kan f\u00f6rest\u00e4lla er att dessa inte \u00e4r decentraliserade utan helt kontrollerade av det institutionella n\u00e4tverket.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibland fungerar blockchains inte med distribuerade n\u00e4tverk, bara med kontrollerade interna n\u00e4tverk<\/strong>. Denna typ av plattform beh\u00f6ver anv\u00e4ndarbeh\u00f6righeter fr\u00e5n skaparna, s\u00e5 de kallas "beh\u00f6riga" eller privata blockkedjor. P\u00e5 andra sidan fungerar kryptovalutor och plattformar som Bitcoin med decentraliserade n\u00e4tverk. Det g\u00f6r dem till\u00e5tna eller offentliga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Vill du handla BTC, ETH och andra tokens? Du kan g\u00f6ra det<\/em>\u00a0s\u00e4kert\u00a0p\u00e5 Alfacash<\/a>! Och gl\u00f6m inte att vi pratar om detta och m\u00e5nga andra saker p\u00e5 v\u00e5ra sociala medier.

<\/em>Twitter<\/a>\u00a0*\u00a0Telegram<\/a>\u00a0*\u00a0Instagram<\/a> * Youtube<\/a>\u00a0*Facebook<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0Vkontakte<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alla vill ha n\u00e5got med blockchain, \u00e4ven om de inte vet exakt vad en "blockchain" \u00e4r. S\u00e5, l\u00e5t oss ta reda p\u00e5 det!<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":3747,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[43,86,44,56,87,72],"class_list":{"0":"post-3985","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-learn","8":"tag-bitcoin","9":"tag-blockchain","10":"tag-decentralization","11":"tag-how-to","12":"tag-ledger","13":"tag-mining"},"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/What-is-a-blockchain-deep-inside.svg","author_info":{"display_name":"Isabel P\u00e9rez","author_link":"https:\/\/alfacash.blog\/sv\/author\/isabel\/"},"yoast_head":"\nFor dummies: what is a blockchain and how it works? - alfa.cash blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Everybody wants something with blockchain, even if they don\u2019t know exactly what a \u201cblockchain\u201d is. 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